Witnessing the suffering of thousands of wounded soldiers of the Battle of Solferino in 1859 led the Swiss Dunant to write the book A Memory of Solferino. In the book, he describes the battle, the sufferings, the organisation of aid and asks.

The Battle of Solferino (referred to in Italy as the Battle of Solferino and San Martino) on 24 June 1859 resulted in the victory of the allied French Army under Napoleon III and Sardinian Army under Victor Emmanuel II (together known as the Franco-Sardinian Alliance) against the Austrian Army under Emperor Franz Joseph I. It was the last major battle in world history where all the armies were under the personal command of their monarchs.^[4] Perhaps 300,000 soldiers fought in the important battle, the largest since the Battle of Leipzig in 1813. There were about 130,000 Austrian troops and a combined total of 140,000 French and allied Piedmontese troops. After the battle, the Austrian Emperor refrained from further direct command of the army.

The battle led the Swiss Jean-Henri Dunant to write his book, A Memory of Solferino. Although he did not witness the battle (his statement is contained in an 'unpublished page' included in the 1939 English edition published by the American Red Cross), he toured the field following the battle and was greatly moved by what he saw. Horrified by the suffering of wounded soldiers left on the battlefield, Dunant set about a process that led to the Geneva Conventions and the establishment of the International Red Cross.

Battle[edit]

The Battle of Solferino was a decisive engagement in the Second Italian War of Independence, a crucial step in the Italian Risorgimento. The war's geopolitical context was the nationalist struggle to unify Italy, which had long been divided among France, Austria, Spain and numerous independent Italian states. The battle took place near the villages of Solferino and San Martino, Italy, south of Lake Garda between Milan and Verona.

The confrontation was between the Austrians, on one side, and the French and Piedmontese forces, who opposed their advance. In the morning of 23 June, after the arrival of emperor Franz Joseph, the Austrian army changed direction to counterattack along the river Chiese. At the same time, Napoleon III ordered his troops to advance, causing the battle to occur in an unpredicted location. While the Piedmontese fought the Austrian right wing near San Martino, the French battled to the south of them near Solferino against the main Austrian corps.

Opposing forces[edit]

The Austrian forces were personally led by their militarily inexperienced 29-year-old emperor, Franz Joseph, and were divided into two field armies: 1st Army, containing three corps (III, IX and XI), under Franz von Wimpffen and 2nd Army, containing four corps (I, V, VII and VIII) under Franz von Schlick.

The French army at Solferino, personally led by Napoleon III, was divided in four Corps plus the Imperial Guard. Many of its men and generals were veterans of the French conquest of Algeria and the Crimean War, but its commander-in-chief had no military experience of note. The Sardinian army had four divisions on the field.

Although all three combatants were commanded by their monarchs, each was seconded by professional soldiers. Marshal Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant served as Chief of Staff to Napoleon III, while Victor Emmanuel was accompanied by his Minister of War, Lieutenant General Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora. The Austrian high command was hindered by the rivalry between the Chief of Staff, Heinrich von Heß, and the Emperor's Adjutant General Karl Ludwig von Grünne.

Battle commences[edit]

According to the allied battle plan formulated on 24 June, the Franco-Sardinian army moved east to deploy along the right river banks of the Mincio. The French were to occupy the villages of Solferino, Cavriana, Guidizzolo and Medole with, respectively, the 1st Corps (Baraguey d'Hilliers), 2nd Corps (Mac-Mahon), 3rd Corps (Canrobert), and 4th Corps (Niel). The four Sardinian divisions were to take Pozzolengo. After marching a few kilometers, the allies came into contact with the Austrian troops, who had entrenched themselves in those villages. In the absence of a fixed battle plan, the fighting which took place was uncoordinated, which is why so many casualties occurred, and it fell into three separate engagements, at Medole (south), Solferino (centre) and San Martino (north).

Battle of Medole[edit]

The battle started at Medole around 4 am. Marching towards Guidizzolo, the 4th Corps encountered an Austrian infantry regiment of the Austrian 1st Army. General Niel immediately decided to engage the enemy and deployed his forces east of Medole. This move prevented the three corps (III, IX and XI) of the Austrian 1st Army from aiding their comrades of the 2nd Army near Solferino, where the main French attacks took place.

The French forces were numerically inferior to the Austrians'. The 4th Corps contained three infantry divisions under de Luzy, Vinoy and Failly and a cavalry brigade. Niel, holding a thin line of 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) in length, was able to stop the Austrian assaults on his position by ably warding off attacks and counterattacking at opportune moments. After 15 hours of combat the Austrians retreated, both sides having lost in total nearly 15,000 men.

Battle of Solferino[edit]

Around 4:30 am the advance guard of the 1st Corps (three infantry divisions under Forey, de Ladmirault, and Bazaine, and a cavalry division under Desvaux) came into contact with the Austrian V Corps under Stadion near Castiglione delle Stiviere.

Around 5 am 2nd Corps under Mac-Mahon (two infantry divisions and a cavalry brigade under La Motterouge, Decaen and Gaudin) encountered Hungarian units posted near Ca’Morino (Medole). The Austrian forces were three corps strong (I, V and VII) and positioned on the towns of Solferino, Cavriana and Volta Mantovana. The Austrians were able to hold these positions all day against repeated French attacks.

Near 3 pm the French reserves, formed by Canrobert's 3rd Corps and the Imperial Guard under Regnaud, attacked Cavriana, which was defended by the Austrian I Corps under Clam-Gallas, finally occupying it at 6 pm and thereby breaking through the Austrian center. This breakthrough forced a general retreat of both Austrian armies.

Battle of San Martino[edit]

On the northern side of the battlefield the Sardinians, 4 divisions strong, encountered the Austrians around 7 am. A long battle erupted over control of Pozzolengo, San Martino and Madonna della Scoperta. The Austrian VIII Corps under Benedek had 39,000 men and 80 guns and was repeatedly attacked by a Sardinian force of 22,000 men with 48 guns.^[5] The Austrians were able to ward off three Sardinian attacks, inflicting heavy losses upon the attackers; at the end of the day Benedek was ordered to retreat with the rest of the Austrian army, but ignored the order and kept resisting. At 20:00 a fourth Sardinian assault finally captured the contested hills, and Benedek withdrew.^[6] The main Sardinian contribution in the overall battle consisted in keeping Benedek's corps deeply engaged throughout the day and preventing the sending of two brigades as reinforcement to the force attacked by the French in Solferino.^[7]

Results[edit]

The battle was a particularly gruelling one, lasting over nine hours and resulting in over 2,386 Austrian troops killed with 10,807 wounded and 8,638 missing or captured. The Allied armies also suffered a total of 2,492 killed, 12,512 wounded and 2,922 captured or missing. Reports of wounded and dying soldiers being shot or bayonetted on both sides added to the horror. In the end, the Austrian forces were forced to yield their positions, and the Allied French-Piedmontese armies won a tactical, but costly, victory. The Austrians retreated to the four fortresses of the Quadrilateral, and the campaign essentially ended.

Aftermath[edit]

Napoleon III was moved by the losses, as he had argued back in 1852 'the French Empire is peace', and for reasons including the Prussian threat and domestic protests by the Roman Catholics, he decided to put an end to the war with the Armistice of Villafranca on 11 July 1859.^[8] The Piedmontese won Lombardy but not Venetia. Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour, resigned.^[9] The Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed in 1861.

This battle would have a long-term effect on the future conduct of military actions. Jean-Henri Dunant, who witnessed the aftermath of the battle in person, was motivated by the horrific suffering of wounded soldiers left on the battlefield to begin a campaign that would eventually result in the Geneva Conventions and the establishment of the International Red Cross. The Movement organized the 150th anniversary commemoration of the battle between the 23 and 27 June 2009.^[10] The Presidency of the European Union adopted a declaration on the occasion stating that 'This battle was also the grounds on which the international community of States has developed and adopted instruments of International Humanitarian Law, the international law rules relevant in times of armed conflict, in particular the four Geneva Conventions of 1949, the 60th anniversary of which will be celebrated this year.'^[11]

The battlefield today[edit]

The area contains a number of memorials to the events surrounding the battles.

There is a circular tower, Tower of San Martino della Battaglia, dominating the area, a memorial to Victor Emmanuel II. It is 70 m high and was built in 1893. In the town there is a museum, with uniforms and weapons of the time, and an ossuary chapel.

At Solferino there is also a museum, displaying arms and mementos of the time, and an ossuary, containing the bones of thousands of victims. Getting through hard times quotes.

Nearby Castiglione delle Stiviere, where many of the wounded were taken after the battle, is the site of the museum of the International Red Cross, focusing on the events that led to the formation of that organization.

• The ossuary of Solferino

• The ossuary of Solferino

References in popular culture[edit]

Elizabeth Barrett Browning's poem 'The Forced Recruit at Solferino' commemorates this battle (Last Poems 1862).Joseph Roth's 1932 novel Radetzky March opens at the Battle of Solferino. There, the father of the novel's Trotta dynasty is immortalized as the Hero of Solferino.^[12][13]

The Battle of Solferino was depicted also in a 2006 television drama Henry Dunant: Du rouge sur la croix (English title: 'Henry Dunant: Red on the Cross'), which tells the story of the signing of the Geneva Conventions and the founding of the Red Cross.

Footnotes[edit]

1. ^ ^abBrooks 2009, p. 61.
2. ^Fink, Humbert (1994). Auf den Spuren des Doppeladlers. Berlin.
3. ^ ^abcOsterreichischen Militarischen Zeitschrift: Der Feldzug des Kaisers Napoleon 3. in Italien im Jahre 1859 (1865) (German translation of Campagne de l'Empereur Napoleon III en Italie.)
4. ^Evans, Richard J., The Pursuit of Power: Europe 1815-1914, Penguin: London, 2017, p. 242.
5. ^Vittorio Giglio, Il Risorgimento nelle sue fasi di guerra, Vol. I, Milano, Vallardi, 1948, pp. 320
6. ^Piero Pieri, Storia militare del Risorgimento; guerre e insurrezioni, Turin, Einaudi, 1962, p. 618
7. ^Piero Pieri, Storia militare del Risorgimento; guerre e insurrezioni, Turin, Einaudi, 1962, p. 617.
8. ^Hearder, Harry (22 July 2014). Italy in the Age of the Risorgimento 1790 - 1870. Routledge. p. 226. ISBN9781317872061.
9. ^Napoléon III, Pierre Milza, Perrin edition, 2004Archived 26 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
10. ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 28 June 2009. Retrieved 25 June 2009.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
11. ^'Archived copy'(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2009.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
12. ^Valotti, Gianluigi (December 2014). Solferino 1859, I feriti francesi ricoverati a Manerbio. Sardini Editore. ISBN9788875062200.
13. ^Valotti, Gianluigi (2015). Solferino 1859. Les blessés français soignés à Manerbio. Sardini Editore. ISBN9788875062231.

References[edit]

• Brooks, R. (2009). Solferino 1859: The Battle for Italy's freedom. Osprey Publishing. ISBN978-1-84603-385-8.
• Der Feldzug des Kaisers Napoleon 3. in Italien im Jahre 1859 (1865).

External links[edit]

• (in Russian) Mikhail Dragomirov. (1861) Battle of Solferino. (With two plans) (Сольферинская битва. (с двумя планами)) at Runivers.ru in DjVu format

The battle of Solferino.The battle of Solferino was fought in northern Italy on 24 June 1859. It was a decisive e pisode in the struggle for Italian unification and also a pivotal moment in the evolution of modern humanitarianism. It is at the origins of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and the Geneva Conventions.Allied Franco-Sardinian troops, led by Emperor Napoleon III, faced off against Austrian soldiers at around three in the morning on the 24th. By six o'clock, the battle was in full swing. Bright sunshine bore down on the 300,000 soldiers, who shot, trampled, bayoneted and slit the throats of their enemies. After 15 hours of slaughter and bloodshed, around 6,000 men were dead and more than 35,000 were wounded or missing.The medical services of the French and Sardinian armies were overwhelmed.

Transportation for the wounded was practically non-existent, while food and water were scarce. In the church of Castiglione, the Chiesa Maggiore, a young Swiss man named Henry Dunant – who was in the area for business – did his best to care for the wounded and dying, helped by local women volunteers. They treated the men equally, regardless of what side they had fought on, inspiring the women to coin the phrase ' tutti fratelli ' (all brothers).Considered by many as the father of modern humanitarianism, Henry Dunant was also arguably the first embedded war reporter and citizen journalist rolled into one. In 1862, he self-published a graphic account of the aftermath of the battle, called.The battle of Solferino led Dunant to push for the creation of a neutral and impartial organization to protect and assist the war wounded (ICRC).

He also suggested that voluntary relief societies should be established to care for the injured – an idea that would eventually lead to the formation of National R ed Cross and Red Crescent Societies. In addition, he proposed that an international principle be created to serve as the basis for these societies, an idea that developed into the Geneva Conventions, which turned 60 on 12 August 2009.In 1901, Henry Dunant was awarded the first-ever Nobel Peace Prize for what was described as the ' supreme humanitarian achievement of the 19th century '. Now, 150 years later, his legacy lives on in the tens of thousands of staff and volunteers who continue to help others around the world each day.A few things you might not know about the ICRC.

(1994) 1993. HarperCollins. The Oxford History of the Biblical World. Oxford University Press. Death mark wiki. In Coogan, Michael D.

Contrary to popular belief, the ICRC is neither a non-governmental organisation (NGO) nor an international organisation. It isn't an inter-state body either.

It is a private agency, governed by a committee of between 15 and 25 exclusively Swiss members, who set policy and decide on strategy. The German-Danish War of 1864 was the first to break out following the creation of the Red Cross. Two delegates were sent to the scene of the fighting to serve as neutral intermediaries. By the end of 1914, an initial team of ten Committee members had grown to 1,200 volunteers and paid staff, who sifted through thousands of requests for information about civilians who had gone missing in the chaos of World War I. Today, the ICRC has roughly 11,500 employees worldwide, including 10,000 national staff and more than 1,300 expatriate delegates. Up until the early 1990s, only Swiss citizens were allowed to serve as ICRC delegates abroad.